Beiser, A. (2019). Concepts of Modern Physics. McGraw-Hill Education.
where v is the relative velocity between two observers and c is the speed of light. Arthur Beiser Modern Physics Solutions Of Chapter 2 Pdf
Problem 2.1 asks students to calculate the Lorentz factor for an object moving at 0.6c relative to an observer. Using the equation above, we can plug in the values: Beiser, A
This means that the observer will measure the length of the object to be 0.436 times its proper length. Arthur Beiser Modern Physics Solutions Of Chapter 2 Pdf
where L' is the length measured by the observer and L is the proper length of the object.