On a standard, unmodified Xbox 360 (no JTAG/RGH), you cannot play installed games without the disc.

I understand you're looking for a way to play installed Xbox 360 games without the original disc, and without using a hardware modification like JTAG/RGH. Let me give you a clear, honest answer.

Stick to using your original disc, or buy the digital version. Those are your only safe, working options.